Relationship between quadriceps thickness and 60-second sit-to-stand test in patients with chronic kidney disease / Relação entre espessura do quadríceps e o teste sit-to-stand de 60 segundos em pacientes com doença renal crônica

Abstract Background: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between quadriceps muscle thickness and functional performance on the 60s sit-to-stand test (60s-STS), the six-minute walk test (6MWT), and handgrip strength in non-dialytic stage 4 and 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that evaluated 40 CKD patients aged between 30-70 years. Participants were submitted to an assessment that included quadriceps muscle thickness evaluated by a portable ultrasound. Functional performance tests included the 60s-STS, distance walked in the 6MWT, and handgrip strength. Also, body composition evaluated using electrical bioimpedance analysis and physical activity level through the short version of International Physical Activity were measured. Multiple linear regression was used to investigate the relationship between the quadriceps thickness and functional performance. Results: Quadriceps muscle thickness was correlated to 60s-STS (R2 = 43.6%; 95% CI = 0.022 - 0.665; β = 0.34; p = 0.037). Also, a moderate correlation between this muscle thickness and appendicular skeletal muscle (ALM) was found in CKD patients (r = 0.603, p <0.001). No relationship was found between quadriceps muscle thickness with the 6MWT and handgrip strength. Conclusion: Quadriceps muscle thickness is associated to 60s-STS, thus our results demonstrate the repercussions of the disease on the musculoskeletal system.

Resumo Antecedentes: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a relação entre espessura muscular do quadríceps e desempenho funcional no teste sit-to-stand de 60s (STS-60s), no teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6M), e na força de preensão manual em pacientes não dialíticos com doença renal crônica (DRC) estágios 4 e 5. Métodos: Este foi um estudo transversal que avaliou 40 pacientes com DRC com idades entre 30-70 anos. Os participantes foram submetidos a uma avaliação que incluiu a espessura muscular do quadríceps avaliada por um ultrassom portátil. Os testes de desempenho funcional incluíram o STS-60s, a distância percorrida no TC6M e a força de preensão manual. Além disso, foram medidos a composição corporal, avaliada usando a análise de bioimpedância elétrica e o nível de atividade física por meio da versão curta do International Physical Activity. A regressão linear múltipla foi usada para investigar a relação entre a espessura do quadríceps e o desempenho funcional. Resultados: A espessura muscular do quadríceps foi correlacionada com o STS-60s (R2 = 43,6%; IC 95% = 0,022 - 0,665; β = 0,34; p = 0,037). Também foi encontrada uma correlação moderada entre esta espessura muscular e a massa muscular esquelética apendicular (MEA) em pacientes com DRC. (r = 0,603, p <0,001). Nenhuma relação foi encontrada entre a espessura muscular do quadríceps com o TC6M e a força de preensão manual. Conclusão: A espessura muscular do quadríceps está associada ao STS-60s, assim nossos resultados demonstram as repercussões da doença sobre o sistema músculo-esquelético.

Functional independence and mobility in kidney transplanted patients: cross-sectional study

AIMS: To assess functional independence, balance and mobility of kidney transplant recipients, to verify transplant time, donor type, regular exercise practice, musculoskeletal complaints, as well as association among these variables METHODS: Observational study with 86 kidney transplant individuals, subjected to evaluation of the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) and Timed Up and Go test (TUG). RESULTS: The mean age of the study population was 43.98 years old, 50% of these individuals were between 5-10 years of transplantation and 50% between 10-15 years. Changes in mobility and balance (TUG) were found in 9.3% of transplant patients, while 2.3% had deficits in functional independence (FIM). The association between TUG and the FIM (χ2= 19.964, p< 0.001) was found in 25% of the 9.3% of individuals who showed changes in TUG. It was found that only 20.9% of kidney transplant between 5-10 years and 14.0% between 11 and 15 years performed regular physical exercises (χ2= 0.727, p= 0.394) and 67.4% presented prevalent complaints on lower limbs musculoskeletal. CONCLUSION: Although the level of dependence and impairments in mobility and balance found in renal transplants are low, deficits in mobility and balance may lead to changes in the ability to perform their functional activities independently.(AU)

Reference equations for the six-minute walk distance based on a Brazilian multicenter study

BACKGROUND: It is important to include large sample sizes and different factors that influence the six-minute walking distance (6MWD) in order to propose reference equations for the six-minute walking test (6MWT). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of anthropometric, demographic, and physiologic variables on the 6MWD of healthy subjects from different regions of Brazil to establish a reference equation for the Brazilian population. METHOD: In a multicenter study, 617 healthy subjects performed two 6MWTs and had their weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) measured, as well as their physiologic responses to the test. Delta heart rate (∆HR), perceived effort, and peripheral oxygen saturation were calculated by the difference between the respective values at the end of the test minus the baseline value. RESULTS: Walking distance averaged 586±106m, 54m greater in male compared to female subjects (p<0.001). No differences were observed among the 6MWD from different regions. The quadratic regression analysis considering only anthropometric and demographic data explained 46% of the variability in the 6MWT (p<0.001) and derived the equation: 6MWDpred=890.46-(6.11×age)+(0.0345×age2)+(48.87×gender)-(4.87×BMI). A second model of stepwise multiple regression including ∆HR explained 62% of the variability (p<0.0001) and derived the equation: 6MWDpred=356.658-(2.303×age)+(36.648×gender)+(1.704×height)+(1.365×∆HR). CONCLUSION: The equations proposed in this study, especially the second one, seem adequate to accurately predict the 6MWD for Brazilians. .

Associação da pressão positiva expiratória ao final da expiração ao nebulizador ultrassônico: efeito na deposição de aerossol no pulmão / Association of positive end expiratory pressure to ultrassonic nebulizer: effect on aerosol deposition into lungs

Este estudo visou comparar deposição de aerossol no pulmão mediante o uso de nebulizador ultra-sônico (US), sem e com utilização de válvula de pressão positiva expiratória final (PEEP), comparando ainda duas pressões da válvula, de 5 cmH2O e de 10cmH2O. Para analisar a deposição de aerossol, foram delimitadas regiões de interesse...

This study aimed comparing aerosol deposition into lungs using an ultrasonic (US) nebulizer, with and without using a positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) valve, also comparing two valve pressures, 5 cmH2O and 10cmH2O. Twelve young healthy volunteers were submitted to Tc99m radioaerosol inhalation generated by nebulizer in three stages: